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As American settlers pushed west, they found that the Appalachian Mountains provided a barrier to shipping goods eastward. But thousands of other workers, black and white alike, migrated to California for better jobs in its burgeoning defense industry. "[251] The number of students in enrolled in private schools in Louisiana declined by 9% from circa 20002005 until 2014, due to the proliferation of charter schools, the 2008 recession and Hurricane Katrina. Several unique dialects of French, Creole, and English are spoken in Louisiana. In addition to private organizations, since 1968 the state has maintained the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL), which promotes use of the French language in the state's tourism, economic development, culture, education and international relations.[241]. [111][112], In 2019, three Louisiana black churches were set on fire. From then until the United States acquired the territory in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, France and Spain jockeyed for control of New Orleans and the lands west of the Mississippi. [262] Another is the legal system of civil law based on French, German, and Spanish legal codes and ultimately Roman law, as opposed to English common law. In 2000, before the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000. Louisiana's secession was announced on January 26, 1861, and it became part of the Confederate States of America. Their origin can be traced back to the early Gulf of Mexico when the shallow ocean had high rates of evaporation. Due to its location on the Gulf Coast, Louisiana has regularly suffered the effects of tropical storms and damaging hurricanes. ", "Louisiana's population has grown by 107k since 2010, Census says", "Table A. Apportionment Population, Resident Population, and Overseas Population: 2020 Census and 2010 Census", "American Community Survey 2019 Demographic and Housing Estimates", "Population declines in most Louisiana parishes, except for the suburbs, new estimates show", "Louisiana's population continues to shrink: Stats show nearly 13K decline between 2019, 2020", "Louisiana saw fifth highest population loss in U.S. in 2021, according to new estimates", "Michigan ranked No.4 for most people moving out of the state", "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Louisiana", "How many undocumented immigrants are living in Louisiana? Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry. Celtic Park Upload Photos Photos Seating Chart Sections Comments Tags Find Your Section At Celtic Park What section are you looking for? In 2011, Louisiana ranked among the five deadliest states for debris/litter-caused vehicle accidents per total number of registered vehicles and population size. On balance, the code benefitted the owners but had more protections and flexibility than did the institution of slavery in the southern Thirteen Colonies. [166], According to immigration statistics in 2018, approximately four percent of Louisianians were immigrants, while another four percent were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. [206], Among Louisiana's irreligious community, 2% affiliated with Atheism and 13% claimed no religion as of 2014; an estimated 10% of the state's population practiced nothing in particular at the 2014 study. By 1721 they built a 62-foot (19m) wooden lighthouse-type structure here to guide ships on the river. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Violent attacks on civil rights activists in two mill towns were catalysts to the founding of the first two chapters of the Deacons for Defense and Justice in late 1964 and early 1965, in Jonesboro and Bogalusa, respectively. When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, it was soon accepted that enslaved Africans could be brought to Louisiana as easily as they were brought to neighboring Mississippi, though it violated U.S. law to do so. In the postCivil War environment, Anglo Americans increased the pressure for Anglicization, and in 1921, English was for a time made the sole language of instruction in Louisiana schools before a policy of multilingualism was revived in 1974. (Long Life! 402 section P row 13 seat anonymous Celtic Park Celtic FC vs Rangers FC 2012 402 section P row 23 seat Dean1471 Celtic Park Celtic FC vs Barcelona Witnessing History 402 section Y row 4 seat anonymous Celtic Park Celtic FC vs Blackburn Rovers 402 section On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. At least 12 core areas would be needed to build a "protected areas system" for the state; these would range from southwestern prairies, to the Pearl River Floodplain in the east, to the Mississippi River alluvial swamps in the north. [85] For the roughly three months in between, the northern border of eastern Louisiana was the course of Bayou Manchac and the middle of Lake Maurepas and Lake Pontchartrain. [145] These include the Louisiana pinesnake and red-cockaded woodpecker. The latter was settled by French colonists from Illinois. The Crescent serves Slidell then runs northeast to New York via Birmingham, Atlanta, Charlotte, and Washington, D.C. Each year, they patrol over 12 million miles (20million km) of roadway and arrest about 10,000 impaired drivers. The franchise for whites was expanded somewhat during these decades, but blacks remained essentially disfranchised until after the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century, gaining enforcement of their constitutional rights through passage by Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. [86], From 1824 to 1861, Louisiana moved from a political system based on personality and ethnicity to a distinct two-party system, with Democrats competing first against Whigs, then Know Nothings, and finally only other Democrats.[87]. The overnight lows in the winter average well above freezing throughout the state, with 46F (8C) the average near the Gulf and an average low of 37F (3C) in the winter in the northern part of the state. Initially, Mobile and then Biloxi served as the capital of La Louisiane. By the terms of the Treaty of Amiens of 1802, Great Britain returned control of the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe to the French. Donaldsonville, Opelousas, and Shreveport have briefly served as the seat of Louisiana state government. Napoleon looked upon Louisiana as a depot for these sugar islands, and as a buffer to U.S. settlement. 403 section Aa row 12 seat . Come visit us at 2150 E Read More View Photos & Amenities. The majority of the state's population lives in southern Louisiana, spread throughout Greater New Orleans, the Florida Parishes, and Acadiana,[152][153][154] while Central and North Louisiana have been losing population. Louisiana's municipalities cover only 7.9% of the state's land mass but are home to 45.3% of its population. [108][109] In August 2016, an unnamed storm dumped trillions of gallons of rain on southern Louisiana, including the cities of Denham Springs, Baton Rouge, Gonzales, St. Amant and Lafayette, causing catastrophic flooding. By then the French had also built a small fort at the mouth of the Mississippi at a settlement they named La Balise (or La Balize), "seamark" in French. . [196] In the colonial and present-day U.S. state of Louisiana, Christianity grew to become its most predominant religion, representing 84% of the adult population in 2014 and 76.5% in 2020,[197][198] during two separate studies by the Pew Research Center and Public Religion Research Institute. African Americans began to live as citizens with some measure of equality before the law. The state's two U.S. senators are Bill Cassidy (R) and John Neely Kennedy (R). From 1898 to 1965, a period when Louisiana had effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites by provisions of a new constitution,[271] this was essentially a one-party state dominated by white Democrats. There are many proposals to save coastal areas by reducing human damage, including restoring natural floods from the Mississippi. The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is 1060 miles (15100km), and along the other rivers, the alluvial region averages about 10 miles (15km) across. The first European explorers to visit Louisiana came in 1528 when a Spanish expedition led by Pnfilo de Narvez located the mouth of the Mississippi River. In 2018, the state sued the federal government to repair erosion along the waterway.[257]. In the creolization process, the slaves developed a Louisiana Creole dialect incorporating both French and African forms, which colonists adopted to communicate with them, and which persisted beyond slavery. Orleans Parish is an exception, as the general law enforcement duties fall to the New Orleans Police Department. [156][157][158] Its resident population was 4,657,757 as of 2020. Snow is rare near the Gulf of Mexico, although residents in the northern parts of the state might receive a dusting of snow a few times each decade. Louisiana has more than 9,000 soldiers in the Louisiana Army National Guard, including the 225th Engineer Brigade and the 256th Infantry Brigade. [213] State financial incentives since 2002 and aggressive promotion have given Louisiana the nickname "Hollywood South." Renewed interest in the French language in Louisiana has led to the establishment of Canadian-modeled French immersion schools, as well as bilingual signage in the historic French neighborhoods of New Orleans and Lafayette. In the late 18th century, the last Spanish governor of the Louisiana territory wrote: Truly, it is impossible for lower Louisiana to get along without slaves and with the use of slaves, the colony had been making great strides toward prosperity and wealth.[57]. They also settled capital or property on their mistresses and children. Many sold slaves to traders to take to the Deep South. Pinchback, both taking the office after serving as Lieutenant Governors (Dunn having been elected to the post of Lieutenant Governor while Pinchback was appointed after being elected as a member of the state Senate and President Pro Tempore of that body), with 125 black members of the state legislature being elected during this time, while Charles E. Nash was elected to represent the state's 6th Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives. In the ShreveportBossier City metropolitan area, Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014. [107] It caused widespread damage due to breaching of levees and large-scale flooding of more than 80% of the city. Beginning in the 1940s, blacks went west to California for jobs in its expanding defense industries. PO Box 818, Granby, MO, 64844-818. [229] Creole comes from the Portuguese word crioulo; originally it referred to a colonist of European (specifically French) descent who was born in the New World, in comparison to immigrants from France. Based on official census figures, the African American population in 1970 stood at 1,085,109, a net gain of more than 46,000 people compared to 1960. [237] Other Native American peoples migrated into the region, escaping from European pressure from the east. [99], In the 1950s the state created new requirements for a citizenship test for voter registration. In 2006, a bill was passed which eventually consolidated the two sheriff's departments into one parish sheriff responsible for both civil and criminal matters. Dominant Jewish movements in the state include Orthodox and Reform Judaism; Reform Judaism was the largest Jewish tradition in the state according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, representing some 5,891 Jews.[201]. The Gulf of Mexico 'dead zone' off the coast of Louisiana is the largest recurring hypoxic zone in the United States. Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Congressional races have also been held under the jungle primary system. The elected sheriff in each parish is the chief law enforcement officer in the parish. Jefferson's political opponents in the Federalist Party argued the Louisiana purchase was a worthless desert,[79] and that the U.S. constitution did not provide for the acquisition of new land or negotiating treaties without the consent of the federal legislature. [248] The act allowed public school teachers to use supplemental materials in the science classroom which are critical of established science on such topics as the theory of evolution and global warming. Their age and distribution can be largely related to the rise and fall of sea levels during past ice ages. The sites of Caney and Frenchman's Bend have been securely dated to 56005000 BP (about 37003100 BC), demonstrating that seasonal hunter-gatherers from around this time organized to build complex earthwork constructions in what is now northern Louisiana. According to a 2010 study by the Modern Language Association among persons aged five years and older,[236] 91.26% of Louisiana residents speak only English at home, 3.45% speak French (standard French, French Creole, or Cajun French), 3.30% speak Spanish, and 0.59% speak Vietnamese. The State Constitution of 1812 gave English official status in legal proceedings, but use of French remained widespread. [210] The Port of South Louisiana continued to be the busiest port by tonnage in the U.S. through 2018. Jessica Williams. Examples in Louisiana include the Medora site, the archaeological type site for the culture in West Baton Rouge Parish whose characteristics helped define the culture,[35] the Atchafalaya Basin Mounds in St. Mary Parish,[36] the Fitzhugh Mounds in Madison Parish,[37] the Scott Place Mounds in Union Parish,[38] and the Sims site in St. Charles Parish. [117] Louisiana entered phase one of re-opening the state on May 15. [81], Louisiana became the eighteenth U.S. state on April 30, 1812; the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana and the Louisiana Territory was simultaneously renamed the Missouri Territory. ", "New Orleans: How the Crescent City Became a Sanctuary City | U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee", "Sanctuary city ban advances in Louisiana Legislature, with New Orleans in mind", "Population and Population Centers by State2000", "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census", "The Atakapa Indians: Cannibals of Louisiana", "Early Caddo History El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail (U.S. National Park Service)", "Louisiana as a French Colony | Articles and Essays | Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase | Digital Collections | Library of Congress", "Louisiana as a Spanish Colony | Articles and Essays | Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase | Digital Collections | Library of Congress", "The Earliest Asian American Settlement Was Established by Filipino Fishermen", "German Settlers in Louisiana and New Orleans", "Getting to Gemtlichkeit: German History and Culture in Southeast Louisiana", "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990", "Legacy of Great Migration of black people from the South lives on, speakers say", "New 2020 census results show increased diversity countering decade-long declines in America's white and youth populations", "American Community Survey 2018 Demographic and Housing Estimates", "New origin options for 2020 census could provide useful Cajun, Creole data", "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot", "Public Religion Research Institute Study", "Religion in America: U.S. The University of Louisiana at Lafayette became an R1 university in December 2021. "Scientific assessment of coastal wetland loss, restoration and management in Louisiana", Florida Greenways Commission. Seating view photos from seats at Celtic Park, bloc 409, range K, domicile de Celtic FC. During the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition, there was a gondola system built to go across the Mississippi River, called Mississippi Aerial River Transit, but was closed less than a year later. Over time, there developed in the French colony a relatively large group of Creoles of Color (gens de couleur libres), who were primarily descended from African slave women and French men (later other Europeans became part of the mix, as well as some Native Americans). They strongly influenced the African-American culture of the city in terms of dance, music and religious practices. The oldest rocks date back to the early Cenozoic Era, some 60 million years ago. [119] Gov. [216], From 2010 to 2020, Louisiana's gross state product increased from $213.6billion to $253.3billion, the 26th highest in the United States at the time. Louisiana is a subsidized state, and Louisiana taxpayers receive more federal funding per dollar of federal taxes paid compared to the average state. [96], During some of the Great Depression, Louisiana was led by Governor Huey Long. [246], Louisiana's two oldest and largest HBCUs (historically black colleges and universities) are Southern University in Baton Rouge and Grambling State University in Grambling. [39], Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture that is represented by its largest settlement, the Cahokia site in Illinois east of St. Louis, Missouri. As of 2019, the LSU Tigers football team has won 12 Southeastern Conference titles, six Sugar Bowls and four national championships.[285]. [148] The majority of urban Louisianians live along the coast or in northern Louisiana. In practice, the Code Noir was exceedingly difficult to enforce from afar. Historians believe the revocation of the right of deposit was prompted by abuses by the Americans, particularly smuggling, and not by French intrigues as was believed at the time. The Poverty Point culture may have reached its peak around 1500 BC, making it the first complex culture, and possibly the first tribal culture in North America. Louisiana's French settlements contributed to further exploration and outposts, concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, from Louisiana to as far north as the region called the Illinois Country, around present-day St. Louis, Missouri. [253] As per a ruling from Ivan Lemelle, a U.S. district judge, the federal government has the right to review the charter school placements to ensure they do not further racial segregation.[254]. Louisiana is bordered to the west by Texas; to the north by Arkansas; to the east by Mississippi; and to the south by the Gulf of Mexico. Often the French would free their concubines and mixed-race children, and pass on social capital to them. The rest of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, as well as the "isle of New Orleans," had become a colony of Spain by the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). [98], On November 26, 1958, at Chennault Air Force Base, a USAF B-47 bomber with a nuclear weapon on board developed a fire while on the ground. [139], The entire state averages over 60 days of thunderstorms a year, more than any other state except Florida. National Missionary Baptists reported 67,518 members, and the National Baptist Convention USA had a statewide membership of 61,997, making them the largest historically and predominantly African American church bodies in the state. Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union, Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, List of Louisiana hurricanes (2000present), Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Cane River Creole National Historical Park, Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve, List of Louisiana locations by per capita income, non-Hispanic or non-Latino American white, historically and predominantly African American church bodies, Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans, ShreveportBossier City metropolitan area, Council for the Development of French in Louisiana, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, List of colleges and universities in Louisiana, historically black colleges and universities, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport, Board of Elementary and Secondary Education, Same-sex marriages are now performed statewide, List of law enforcement agencies in Louisiana, NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, "Elevations and Distances in the United States", "Placing Louisiana in the Francophone World: Opportunities and Challenges", "Why is Louisiana unhealthy?