If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. That is the idea, at least. a. d. free association. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. Joanie has social anxiety. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. c. the id, ego, and superego. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: c. tertiary prevention. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. What form do these consequences take? Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. Communication in the Nervous System. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. b. cognitive-behavioral 157. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? a. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. Postconditioning. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 159. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. 19. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. b. resistance. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? c. psychodynamic. b. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Evaluating the behavioral model. b. delusional thinking. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. b. operant conditioning. The neuron. What is this therapy? This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. 89. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? b. map, or sequence, genes. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. c. illogical thinking. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. How so? d. humanists. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. c. transference. a. modeling. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. b. anxiety disorders. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? Why is this? What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. b. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. c. cognitive This is an example of behavior modification using: 148. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. 117. d. classical conditioning. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. b. cognitive-behavioral b. exposure therapy. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. b. family therapy. Psychosurgery. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. The development of personality. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. 158. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. d. indicator of psychological conflict. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. d. brain circuits. 166. c. deep brain stimulation. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? 88. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. abnormality, also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or, more broadly, psychopathology. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. d. humanistic. 12. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. 27. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? d. cognitive. d. libido. 68. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. 13. b. superego. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. None of the models are complete within themselves. 110. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. c. sociocultural d. known risk and protective factors. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. This thought is an example of: a. depression. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? They are tied to experiences early in life. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Which would be a part of your paradigm? I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. 3. The response re-emerges. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. 2. 39. 161. c. transference. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. b. denial. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. c. role-playing. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. Figure 2.2. 29. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. 150. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. 56. d. fixation. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. 2.2.3.3. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. Simply: Figure 2.1. None of the models are complete within themselves. a. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. c. unconditional positive regard. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. Cognitive therapies. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. d. synapses. 77. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. b. All of the models include an element of the biological model. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. There are two main ways they can present themselves. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. 69. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. 2.2.1.2. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). A friend recommends this therapy. Track the accuracy of the thought. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. 18. Bacterial and viral infections. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. 2.2.2.3. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. d. Freud. 151. 40. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. This is an example of: a. shaping. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. 154. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. b. a distorted view of the self. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. c. sociocultural. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. 2.3.3.4. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology.
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