We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. Penn went on to show Henry VIIs wax funeral effigy, which I saw on my recent trip to London, and which shows his fine-boned features and his crooked eye, but also a face bearing the signs of stress and illness. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . It was not until 1506, when he imprisoned Suffolk in the Tower of London, that Henry could at last feel safe. When the Lancastrian cause crashed to disaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), Jasper took the boy out of the country and sought refuge in the duchy of Brittany. The union was both symbolic and necessary. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. Early life Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. Henry VII's reign has yielded an evocative study, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, ILLUSTRATION: CLIFFORD HARPER/AGRAPHIA.CO.UK. [19] He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth of York. 1845. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. 1517. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Henry came to the throne following the death of his father, Henry VII. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. He had finished his palace of Richmond, he was controlling his allies and keeping an eye on his enemies, and now was the time to finalise the marriage agreement between England and Spain. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. Bacon wanted the future Charles I to learn from Henry's reign, but the financial methods that would provoke fatal opposition to Charles look pale beside the exactions levied by Henry from often innocent subjects, who were denied legal process or threatened with trumped-up prosecutions and had to buy their freedom (though at moments of apparently impending death the king would repent of his methods and have the jails cleared and pardons issued). [citation needed], By 1509, justices of the peace were key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. 24th April 2023 - courses open for registrations. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. The baby died and Elizabeth, herself, died on 11th February 1503, her 37th birthday. Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". [5], The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised House of Beaufort bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. [64] This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. It took Henry, who in any case needed to marry her if the expected issue was to solve the succession problem, some six years to achieve their joint purpose. [58], Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. The fact that a Cockney could provide a recognisable representation of him gives away part of his enduring appeal; in national memory, Henry was one of the lads, the only English king to have. [40], Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. [18] He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. Watch with Prime He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). In that, he was quite successful, but he was neither loved nor admired. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. The marriage between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon would be the culmination of everything that Henry VII had fought for at the Battle of Bosworth, so in 1501 there was a fortnight of marriage celebrations and London was in a carnival mood. No. Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. 7.1 59min 2013 16+. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Thanks largely to the desertion of his stepfather, Lord Stanley, to him, he defeated and slew Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485. A King from upstart usurper to renaissance monarch to Machiavellian schemer. Since we are in the middle of winter, Ive been thinking of a volume on my shelves on Henry VII, who could be called the Winter King. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. His spies and informers were everywhere. ||sitemap_index.xml But he leaves us wondering how Henry got away with it. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. Possession of something the French King wanted also made the Duke of Brittany safer in his own duchy. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. For him, it was never about glory and battle. He made huge gobs of money binding his subjects to him with loyalty bonds. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. An easy read? To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. His spies and informers were everywhere. A fresh look at the endlessly fascinating Tudorsthe dramatic and overlooked story of Henry VII and his founding of the Tudor Dynastyfilled with spies, plots, counterplots, and an uneasy royal succession to Henry VIII. [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. In 1485 Henry landed at Milford Haven in Wales and advanced toward London. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. [66], Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Not only was . His account of Henry's government is more contentious than he lets on. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. Hed achieved the impossible, hed risen from refugee to King of England. His father was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh squire, and Catherine of France, the widow of King Henry V. His mother was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose children by Catherine Swynford were born before he married her. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns. Henry was a remarkable man. Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). Their main aim was money. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. Rarely was a father's reign so widely disparaged and disowned on the accession of the son. Philip died shortly after the negotiations. I have to admit to being a history geek. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. Unfortunately, since all I really wanted to know about was learning about Henry the 7th and his family as people - the things that happened to them, what kind of people they were, etc. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Overblown prose trumpeting his reign seemed to be the order of the day. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. Henry VII: The Winter King. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. Why is this ambitious? The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. ), The Reign of Henry VII. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. [36] However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret, who survived until 1541 when she was executed by Henry VIII. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. What old December's bareness every where! Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth.
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