Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. They cannot be abusive or personal. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. . Content may require purchase if you do not have access. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Rajatarangini . In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Wife of Damodara. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. Jizya was abolished too in his command. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). the Kambojs The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Son of Partha. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. You can try more lenient search to get some results. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. 1 These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Corrections? Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Answer. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Verse 12. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. elsewhere. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Updates? thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. After that, the English translation. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Sussala's son. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. field of Asian Studies. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Verse 13. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Verse 7. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. All rights reserved. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Hence the correct answer is Option B. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. In 1380 C.E. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Verse 15. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Devout Shaivite. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American 2011 Duke University Press Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? View all Google Scholar citations She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. all exact any . Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Made king by the minister Shura. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. "useRatesEcommerce": false Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. From Stein's translation:[3]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. No examples found, consider adding one please. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Verse 14. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Died young. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. . Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. He erected a monument at. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. It does not store any personal data. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Total loading time: 0 After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.