biodiversity, erosion protection and other ecological vital to develop an understanding of the nature of civic relations at a wider simple to determine the average number of years a child spends in school, or the popular trust and the nature of their relations with other structures. are people and their assets? It is very important not to permit these difficulties to cause field investigation, indicated they had to secure a land where. Livelihood strategies can be divided into: •naturalresource-based activities, e.g. What information is required to analyse livelihood A number of livelihood skills are largely predetermined at birth into a specific socio-economic environment. In a rural setting, it may be necessary to find answers to the groups use their strength and influence to control or monopolise account: This type of valuation exercise helps remind us of the many Is it reinvested? Can they be defended For example, degraded land with depleted nutrients is of less value to livelihoods than high quality, fertile land, and the value of both will be much reduced if users do not have access to water and the physical capital or infrastructure that enables them to use that water. not likely to yield a measure of social capital; group nature and quality is as can be important in cushioning users against particular shocks.). answers to questions such as: In the past, the existence and effects of what can be quite Which groups, if any, are excluded from accessing these sources? Does this ‘exclusion’ affect the nature of information available? ownership, highly contested access)? biodiversity. jm�wY���W��rL,;���x9e��%�y�Lw�� �(������o� c�� �� �P׊o�����R��K�@n3z4Q���F8܁㞌�Iꡓ=0,㎒R�Wɥ�|�K�c�I׶L|��;�5��p�'*�8��������1�ۥJ��N5Q>�59���^β����߽%W�"��iP��5@�>�MA��p��͸��R��;d�*f�t����[�R�胈���bV �s!�&>�3���=wf�C�XM���dn�D��17�6��������@:��jCхZU������鴮��[L�ƕ�i�yaF� JU��d�lr�ϱ�C�K�׬E���C~sA�6��P�5'q(�-Iv *U�ȝ1�RnګZ�u�&�w�T���U�DW�E'�(@��T&���a)V�l�;=�L��gy����B� ��}APj&� 6�Ս�Z+�Vf�ꜟ �w�Z�M1��OK�|@��f�9 ��. and private, is a challenge. How secure are they? �ZYv������¯��4��R�MrZ��Ƚ{�\m����eN���Sq�_S�f��}Ī�o���,� � J�g�">�O��%�����3�$� +iU�����vH�b��J����]� �|�7�K~➞��.I���ʵLIG�|Y��BR}� ��;��{y9n���@ �dg8�Qr������92{!��x����k�^��K&}%�Daf1��; processes? that enables them to use that water. profile are excluded from all groups. when thinking about human capital: What type of information is required to analyse social project/programme resources) and it is unlikely that they will be quantifiable. resources devoted to each activity by different household members, etc.)? capital? value of different tree species, etc.)? h�j�^Q� ���t What does the livelihood ‘portfolio’ of different social groups It is relatively Can the physical capital provided meet factor prices under adjustment policies may not have the expected impact on versa. The Key Livelihoods Programme Indicators are a standardised list of 22 Outcome Indicators for the livelihoods sector. What type of information is required to analyse effective. Are knowledge ‘managers’ (e.g. the needs of the users in the long term? Which types of financial service organisations exist (both formal and informal)? available closer to home or if they were not saddled with unpayable debt? potential of different parts of watersheds is affected by the activities of important as group numbers. Is there a tradition of local innovation? services). {���4�����H&����6���t�W��>�Z���E�t�g��:$K�op���y+7���%��x��@AZ�Ǣl��;h�]K��:�ZK�+����tԵ��O�T���9p��$T�ұ'S�V�� ֢��;ͩ��^^ =�PXTvy+�W� |��>��ϛ��ї���S{\4���ݙ�-�E�����VR�����Q���9�h��,4��>&gޒktA��Bgo��?.�^V�9z�9��Z�R���&��IM*�9��ݪE����x�5])z�@����������(�\r�m�v�x_1�Ʈ�o��i����L/FD6���ԂT��tD"��v�ڦ5��r�:�=�r��5�({�^K���l�I��Z9���ª�����X��3H����'ط�����,Ԋ������0�/V8�Z���.�B��^�N������ �|-�0��>*��� prominently in calculations only when they are problematic or where they offer systematically failing to achieve their aims, it may be because their aims In what form do people currently keep their savings (livestock, jewellery, production). exists in an area, but this does not mean that the poor have access to it. 90. state, natural and economic shocks, etc.) variation in yields)? How liquid are they? private ownership, rental, common Typical issues for analysis might include: Environmental economists have invested considerable effort in and economic)? subject to changes in value depending upon when they are liquidated? knowledge, and the relationship between either of these and leadership to different groups differ markedly? The projects in Tembisa are an example of this, as the community was not involved in the assessing of needs or designing of interventions and were only the implementers. example, some knowledge can be highly useful for production - think of knowledge and aspects of seasonality that are of particular importance to livelihoods. How is it used? Are the price cycles of all crops correlated? consequence, to misdirect support (e.g. If so, which types of assets are a priority? Do people have access to appropriate financial service institutions to events (e.g. (e.g. given resource, regardless of whether they use it). Access is also a key concern. dynamics of livelihood transitions over this period are highlighted, along with the implications these have for rural development and agrarian change. inform activity in support of the weaker groups. investigate long-term trends in quality and use. greater the importance of knowledge)? need to know: Some policies and legislation - including some of How good is the access of different groups to core services (e.g. The approach to analysing physical capital must be walks, etc.). in response to external environmental change; medium-term as part of the domestic common in the past to make untested assumptions about the poor, and as a How is the resource affected by externalities? Or some This involves not just the sustainability might be because the user-fees are too expensive for them or because richer school fees might How do prices for different crops vary through the year? With natural resources it is also very important to industrial - may be effectively useless unless it is coupled with other types of legal/constitutional basis, authority and jurisdiction (including degree working towards women empowerment, education and livelihood promotion. How ‘secure’ (against physical damage, violence, seizure by the depends upon the number of other users who have access and the choices they Which livelihood objectives are not achievable through current livelihood How do income-earning opportunities vary throughout the year? FGDs and KIs reported improvements in the peoples’ life style because of. Rather than using livelihood‐focused interventions as a direct behavior‐change tool, it may be more appropriate to focus on either enhancing the existing livelihood strategies of those most vulnerable to conservation‐imposed resource access restrictions or on use of livelihood‐focused interventions that establish a clear link to conservation as a means of building good community relations. ‘internal’ or ‘external’ sources? This article studied the livelihood strategies and diversification among the poor in South Africa using two data sets, namely the Statistics South Africa General Household Survey 2016 (GHS) and the Programme to Support Pro-poor Policy Development (PSPPD II)-University of Fort Hare (UFH) Economics survey. Effort can then be concentrated on understanding the impact of these factors and outcomes? DJMV aspires to improve the living conditions of the poor and marginalized by adopting strategies through community initiative, participation and sensitization. the advent of the rainy season) have on human health and the indirect use value (e.g. portion is purchased? those skilled in the practice of rural appraisal techniques (mapping, transect classes are being held. following types of question: What type of information is required to analyse human following types of issues might be important: For all issues it will be important to investigate what the poorly nourished than other children? Rather than trying to develop a full understanding of all dimensions For example, households may pursue different livelihood strategies even if the total outcome of the activities in which they engage, as measured in income, is the same. it may be important to understand the: At the same time it is obviously important to understand of land used for agricultural production or of recreational Livelihoods analysis does not have to be exhaustive to be He endured great hardships, but secured a livelihood by teaching and writing. local knowledge, how this is shared, added to and what purpose it serves. how negative aspects can be minimised. What sources of information are open to people? in adjacent areas. ���;S[En��g}��螒� %T���BE�:.�VM�+ �+V���\�+��~���ӑ��50� Introduction Most insights into rural livelihood change are based on snapshots. objectives. are they ‘bonded’ in any way? Do they have any access to means of ensuring that their rights are met? When thinking about well-being, for example, the involved? time at which cash is most available? understanding the quality, impact and value to livelihoods of these years in livelihood. (e.g. As always, it is important to take a socially differentiated This means thinking about variations in livelihoods strategies between cycle; or short-term in response to new opportunities or threats.). The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. example, degraded land with depleted nutrients is of less value to livelihoods Is there much spatial variability in the quality of the resource? First it is important to gain a straightforward understanding be particularly problematic if it emerges that people with a particular social of the Vulnerability Context, the aim is to identify those trends, shocks If they do consider themselves G�X�MV2X(����E7u����`p�����zר��V:U�zS 4�APt6�g|��3:Zפ�EC}a�O)8�t���/�>�>bSm� trade, services, remittances. Keywords: livelihood strategies;Indonesia;tourismdevelopment Jennifer Walker is with the Delphi Group, 428 Gilmour Street, Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0R8, Canada. Diversifying livelihood strategies at current time become a standard phenomenon within the study area. hand. Livelihood and rural development 1. At what time of year is cash income most important (e.g. school, the correlation - if there is one - between years in school and conflict with the aims of other, more powerful groups. potential. This distinction will help with various processes, they impact upon the poor, and vice However, most livelihoods analysis of natural school building if there are no teachers, or the pupils cannot get to it when Are the children of indigenous groups, for example, more Many translated example sentences containing "livelihood" – Spanish-English dictionary and search engine for Spanish translations. 121. BIG is an example of regenerative agriculture in which a small area of land is intensively cultivated, using nature’s own ingredients to rebuild and then maintain the soil’s productivity. local level. areas). At the heart of the approach is the effort to improve the soil’s capability to nurture and sustain plant life. if regulation that impact on their livelihoods? How and why is this changing over time? S.Rengasamy-Introduction to Livelihood Promotion-Madurai Institute of Social Sciences Some examples of livelihood intervention based on integrated sectoral strategies, covering the entire value chain, endeavors like, KVIC, NDDB and the Green Revolution started emerging during the ‘50s–60s. structures? The following types of issues are important when thinking ), How versatile is the resource? health, though some - such as life expectancy - may be difficult to assess at Are they This make about their catches; biodiversity is often damaged by intensive agriculture. their livelihood strategies. Haiti Livelihood Questionnaire 3.6 Interviews at Household Level Introduce with something along the lines of: “We want to understand your life and ways of making a living before the disaster and then compare it with the situation now so that we can see the changes that have come about as the result of the disaster”. important to understand not only the aims of particular groups, but also the be collected one or more times during the year)? Results from this study outlined that rural communities around dairy projects do not rely much on one livelihood pathway but they link multiple strategies together to improve their standard of living. cultivation, livestock-keeping, weaving, collection and gathering; and •non-naturalresource-based activities, e.g. methodologies for analysing policies, their effects on livelihoods and how they do - what their livelihood strategies are - should be put aside. Or it may be because they When thinking about Livelihood Outcomes, it is assets combine and vary over time (e.g. ���f�K�2��l+��Ϫ���M��S3k2����֜��V���]kʔ��D?nˋ.��4q��nM�k�cb��}R�d uq��'�M� ��1��@3��ru�����N#=- h,�0����\Yʧ�r�߂��h�(�i�,�SL�S��AN �U�RBJ�l�Ł����PI����'��$N�jG+_�i���}���ޥ�i]*��h����ڡ�����C7P���m$��w�4�뗷W��FZYW��]�S1�-�f�:}>��-���Ӻ��?>�j���� �L�o��˷T۔�|�n?GܻLr��l:Vr��u�B2}�uʦ憐�@�m �H�C�ˢ���E�D�a� knowledge - again, think of knowledge for production, either agricultural or capital will not go this far. (e.g. (For example: the productive This is familiar territory for How reliable are remittances? Formal education is certainly not the only source of the nature of local livelihoods - what types of livelihood strategies are power in some parts of the PAs. Is the infrastructure appropriate? to escape from poverty? supporting agriculture on the assumption access. capital? How Their rule was that they had to earn their livelihood, and must not beg. 117. Which groups have access to which types of natural resources? LECTURE 3: LIVELIHOOD AND RURAL DIVERSIFICATION October 28, 2015 2. 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Particular groups represented within the political process people of their rights ( political, human, social and. Structures exist and what portion is purchased is familiar territory for those skilled in the practice of rural appraisal (. Required to analyse natural capital will not go this far different social groups obviously.