The little arches that laterally counteract the vault (figure 10), are unable to resist to the longitudinal seismic action, as in this case they are bent horizontally, out of the proper arch working plane, reaching tensile stresses up to 350 kPa. However, there were probably other uses as well, considering the large spaces connected to the central room. The transversal reinforcement On the contrary, too localised interventions may cause the alteration of the original global behaviour, more higher stress concentrations and, thus, also possible local damages. It sees the main rooms of the Great Hall and the Small Hemicycle, which can be traced in shape and size, to the ancient Roman tabernae. The slope of the hill was terraced and became the site of a commercial district (Trajan's Markets). Travertino                      24              20.000.000                  0.10" The intervention designed and already applied, with its “distribution” calls the collaboration of all the supporting structures, reducing the efforts of the single structural elements. The failure of only one of these pillars may cause the collapse of all the Great Vault. These surveys have suggested to carry out some numerical analyses which have shown the weak behaviour of the supporting structures. The transversal behaviour and the crack patterns All the supporting pillars and the counteracting lateral arches, have their main stiffness planes in the transversal direction while the weaker ones are in the longitudinal direction (figure 6). Thus, and especially at the “matronei” level (figure 6), the structure is weaker than in the period from the XVII up to the XIX century and also weaker than the original configuration, as some roman structural elements (some secondary vaults) are disappeared, along the past centuries. The numerical analyses – Great Hemicycle It is the part that remains closest to the Forum of Trajan. The longitudinal behaviour, parallel to the Hall axis Consisting of six levels, the building revolves around a spectacular Great Hall, which is … The analytical study of the vault and its surrounding structural elements was carried out by means of a numerical 3D model developed for the static and dynamic structural behaviour evaluation, using the Algor program produced by Algor Inc. Thus it is placed a system of horizontal distributed ties also in the Northern building, but only at the III and IV level, in such a way to involve its transversal shear walls all along their length. In Table 1 they are reported the material mechanical characteristic (specific weight, Young modulus and Poisson coefficient) used for the different parts of the structure. Moreover, the reversibility of this intervention typology is a warranty for the possibility to use the future probable improvements in the retrofitting techniques. The distribution and the number of these ties placed in the two buildings and in the Vault, allow to reduce their diameter down to 22 mm. The lower terraces were given a round shape because in this way they better withstood the pressure of the hill. Excavation and restoration over many years has brought considerable insight into the commercial and operational life of Ancient Rome. We have visited the site as paying customers once or twice in the past, always taking pleasure in its vast Roman streets, vistas, archways, rooms, and great hall (not to mention the bathrooms). In figures 7 and 8 are reported the results of the seismic static equivalent analysis in the transversal direction, while in figures 9 and 10 are reported the static equivalent analysis in the longitudinal direction. The Great Hall occupies a preeminent position within the Trajan’s Markets, the imperial building complex on the Quirinal hill overlooking the Forum of Trajan in Rome – Figure 1. ALL NEW Rome the Second Time Book Updates at, Rome Architecture, History, Art, Museums, Galleries, Fashion, Music, Photos, Walking and Hiking Itineraries, Neighborhoods, News and Social Commentary, Politics, Things to Do in Rome and Environs. Material mechanical characteristics, ______________________________________________________________ The weaker conditions of the Southern building is shown by the crack pattern also, with a clear tendency to the detachment of the Southern façade on Biberatica Street. Feb 28, 2017 - Explore Nora Garibotti Photography's board "Trajan's Markets" on Pinterest. The customer would most likely approach the shop keeper at the door and then be served there, rather than actually entering the room. On a heavily trafficked street where few tourists pass in the heart of ancient Rome lies the entrance to one of the Eternal City's most extraordinary and overlooked monuments -- Trajan's Market. Tel +39 02-3493.0653 | [email protected] | privacy policy Thus during a longitudinal seismic action 16 diagonal braced tie bars work together at the same time. Over 800 posts, CLICK ON COVER ABOVE TO BUY ON KINDLE (on Mobile device, you may have to click and "Open in New Tab", JOIN US ON FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/groups/romethesecondtime/, http://www.scribd.com/doc/34815572/UPDATES-to-Rome-the-Second-Time, http://www.scribd.com/doc/56172132/Google-Maps-Versions-to-Rome-the-Second-Time-book-maps. But the weaker structural elements, in case of seismic actions, are the supporting structures. Close to the Imperial Forums stands Trajan's Market, a fine example of the aesthetic, functional and constructive Roman genius, particularly regarding the use of brick. Trajan's Markets. Inside Trajans Forum, Museo dei Fori Imperiali, Rome (8070768329).jpg 4,288 × 3,216; 11.06 MB 3 THEVALORIZATIONAND MUSEALIZATION OFTHE GREAT HALL The extensive complex of Roman buildings built of brick, known by the conventional name of Trajan’s Market, has miraculously survived to our own times from the heart of the ancient city, close to the great squares of the Imperial Forums, and … The Great Hall Vault of the Trajan Markets is one of the largest and very impressive among the remaining original roman vaults. Table 1. These last are today not sufficient and/or not sufficiently laterally counteracted to resist to the horizontal actions associated to seismic effect on the Great Vault mass. The intervention is a system of horizontal ties, distributed on each transversal wall of the two buildings supporting the Great Vault, in such a way to improve their shear strength in the NO-SE direction. An in-depth structural analysis is used to explore the design and functionality of the Great Hall of Trajan’s Markets (110 CE), a large Imperial monument cross vaulted in unreinforced Roman concrete. It was inaugurated in 113 AD. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account that these two buildings have to support the big mass of the Great Hall vault, under static and seismic actions too. 100-115 AD. The Great Hall of the Trajan’s Markets is one of the most impressive monuments of the Imperial Period still standing in the very heart of Rome. While in the first case there is an indirect risk of collapse for the Vault, related to the possible partial failure of the Southern building, in the second case, with the longitudinal component of the seismic action, there is an immediate risk of collapse af the Vault as a whole, related to the easily overturning of the pillars. Then they are placed also some ties, across the Vault, inside its thickness, also to counteract the effect of possible not in phase transversal oscillations of the two buildings. It is important also to notice in figure 8 the strong compression stresses in the foot of the short pillars supporting the Vault: the minimum principal stresses reach the 1822 kPa. Trajan's Market was probably built in 100-110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus, an architect who always followed Trajan in his adventures and to whom Trajan entrusted the planning of his Forum. The 3D Finite Element mesh is refined in such a way to describe with an adequate accuracy all the constructive details, using 3D “brick” finite elements. It must be taken into account that, before the retrofitting, the transversal seismic acceleration of the Great Vault mass is alternatively supported only by the Southern building and only by the Northern one (changing the sign of the acceleration itself); as it is easy the arise of hinges in the key and in the springing of the Great Vault (figure 5). He commissioned Apollodorus … Visit with professional guide for a private tailored experiences with disabled van adapted transportation Media in category "Trajan's Market - Interior" The following 33 files are in this category, out of 33 total. Material                    weight            Young mod. In figure 7, all along the intrados of the vault key there are tensile stresses that reach the 210 kPa and justify the deep and large cracks visible before the last restoration. 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The seismic action longitudinal component founds a very weak structural configuration in the vault supports at the “matronei” level. It was build during the Roman Empire between 107 AD and 110 AD by the same emperor responsible for the Trajan’s Column, Emperor Trajan. Thus, both of them are weaker in the transversal NO-SE direction. A Structural Analysis of the Great Hall of Trajan’s Markets Prof. Renato Perucchio University of Rochester - Department of Mechanical Engineering Cornell University - Civil and Environmental Engineering Civil Infrastructure Seminar - 30 October 2008. Four free spaces on each side are occupied by the diagonal counterbraced reinforcements and each diagonal is made up by two tie bars with 22 mm of diameter (figure 14). Vice versa, the Southern one is thinner and higher as it starts from the level of Via Biberatica (figure 4). Nowadays Trajan's Market is the only section of the Imperial Forums, the monumental squares built by the emperors in the very heart of the city, to be open to visitors. Offices in the complex may have been used for administrative purposes by the Emperor Trajan. 30 Oct 2008 R.Perucchio 2 This shear reinforcement is designed in such a way to transfer to the two lateral buildings, parallel to the Hall axis, the main part (around the 65%) of the longitudinal seismic action involving the Great Vault mass, reducing the overturning moment on the pillars supporting the Vault itself. Poisson mod. In the case of the Great Hall, for the transversal (NO-SE) seismic component, it was necessary a “diffused” reinforcement of the transversal shear walls, mainly in the Southern building. The Great Hall formed part of the lower levels of the market. 97394500157. Thus it was designed, numerically verified and finally applied an adequate retrofitting intervention, based on the use of reversible techniques. On site investigations have been devoted to the identification of the geometry of the main structural parts and elements as well as of the mechanical features of the constituting materials of the Great Hall Vault and of its supporting structures. Particularly in figure 13 is reported the stress reduction in the pillars supporting the Vault, in case of longitudinal seismic action: compared to the case without reinforcements, the static equivalent analysis shows as the vertical stresses are reduced from 1142 kPa to 810 kPa, on the compressed side, while the tensile stresses are reduced from 311 kPa to 174 kPa. The complex has six levels and staircases connect one to another: Great Hall, Via Biberatica, and Hemicycle. For this reason, it was built with fine materials, using brick masonry and a series of elegant decorations along the facade. In the case of the Trajan Markets Great Hall, there is a clear “global” weakness in the transversal structural behaviour, due to the weaker configuration of the Southern building, in case of seismic actions in NO-SE direction; but, at the same time, there is a “localized” weakness of the pillars supporting the Great Vault in case of seismic actions in NE-SO direction. Built by the Emperor Trajan, the markets were a commercial center of about 150 shops and offices, set into the side of the Quirinal Hill and completing Trajan's Forum, which it overlooked. ... Trajan’s Market was project of the emperor Trajan to be used as a forum; it was built by the emperor’s favorite architect Apollodorus of Damascus from around 110 AD. Moreover, this behaviour may be accentuated by the different transversal stiffness of the two building, as this difference can easily cause opposition of phase in the transversal oscillations of the two buildings. Moreover, as shown in figure 12, for each shear wall it is placed a couple of bars nearby each side of the wall itself, instead a single one, in such a way to be less invasive, avoiding to drill horizontally those walls for all their length. To guarantee the collaboration of both the buildings in counteracting the Great Vault mass thrust, during a seismic action, they are placed horizontal connections over the two series of lateral arches among the two buildings and the Vault itself. These two buildings develop their plan parallel to the Great Vault axis, in the NE-SO direction. kN/m3              kPa                                                              During the Middle Ages the complex was transformed by adding floor levels, still visible today, and defensive elements such as the Torre delle Milizie, the "militia tower" built in 1200. A convent, which was built in this area in the 16th century was acquired by the state in 1885 and became t… It is made by roman pozzolanic concrete with a very thick shape which allows a nearly monolithic behaviour, just reduced by the possible negative effects of many cracks. Concrete vaulting in Imperial Rome: A structural analysis of the Great Hall of Trajan's Markets The first "shopping mall" in history is located next to the Forum of Trajan, housing more than 150 stores at different levels and with terraces overlooking the forum. The entrance to Trajan’s Market is at Via IV Novembre, 94 and it is an interesting place to visit. It is made by roman pozzolanic concrete with a very thick shape which allows a nearly monolithic behaviour, just reduced by the possible negative effects of many cracks. Both monumental and functional, it is typical of ancient Roman architecture. Aug 15, 2016 - Explore Magistra Michaud's board "Trajan", followed by 1020 people on Pinterest. The Great hall was probably used for official ceremonies, alternatively with the Basilica Ulpia and the spaces in the Forum of Trajan. At the same time, for the longitudinal component (NE-SO) of the seismic actions it was decided to not to try the reinforcement of each pillar supporting the Great Vault; on the contrary it was designed a shear braced horizontal stiffening to connect, on both the longer sides, the Great Vault mass to the Northern and to the Southern buildings. Trajan’s Market is the name given to a complex of ruined structures in Rome. The project is located in Roma, Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy, Europe.The architectural style is roman. Another adventure in this extraordinary site: topographical, engineering wonder, Museum of the imperial fora collection. They date from the early second century AD. The intervention philosophy However the worst situation arise with the seismic action in the longitudinal direction. The static equivalent analysis reported in figure 9 shows the risk of overturning for the pillars engaged along their weaker section axis: the vertical stresses reach 1142 kPa in the compressed side; while  reach 311 kPa in the side on tensile stress. Thus it is better to apply a “diffused” and “reversible” intervention instead of a more strong and concentrated one, which last is necessarily more invasive and, thus, also less reversible. Trajan’s Markets is a historical complex of the roman period where shops and offices were located. The Great Hall structures, that surround and contain the Great room, only apparently form a thick body with a squared plan; on the contrary they are two bodies, separated by the Great room itself (figures 1-3). The customer would most likely approach the shop keeper at the door and then be served there, rather than actually entering the room. The Great Hall Vault of the Trajan Markets is one of the largest and very impressive among the remaining original roman vaults. Emperor Trajan of Rome commissioned the Architect Apollodorus of Damascus to build Trajan’s Forum, one of the largest forums in Rome at that time, and, integrated right next to it, Trajan’s Market. Shopping and performances were actively held at the lower levels. Trajan's market reconstruction. Rome, Italy. The numerical analyses Limit Analysis of the Great Hall of Trajan's Markets in Rome Using Equilibrium Methods by Miryam Y. Dreyfuss Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on May 18, 2011 in Partial More in detail, in the weaker Southern building these ties are distributed not only on each shear wall but also on each level, as shown in figure 11. A “diffused” intervention has to be extended as more as possible to all the structure, in such a way to better connect the different structural elements, to guarantee their collaboration and, thus, to use more efficiently their original strength. The seismic action of the past, are the causes of the cracks on the arches over the doors said before and of the cracks on the transversal walls, in the lower level, just under those doors and near the southern façade; cracks that show a clear weak condition under the Great Vault thrust (in NO-SE direction) with also a clear tendency to a detachment of the Southern façade on Biberatica Street (figure 5). The sites in Rome are illuminated at night – including Trajan’s Column and Trajan’s Forum, which look spectacular. The intervention is a system of nearly horizontal stainless steel diagonally counterbraced shear reinforcement, placed in the free spaces among the great vault and the lateral buildings, just over the “matronei” level (figures 11 and 12). About the seismic spectral acceleration, the present Italian Code states a ground acceleration of around a = 0,192g at the building foot,  which means an amplified acceleration of around a = 0,260 g at the Great Vault level. [by Giorgio Croci and Alessandro Bozzetti], Via Londonio 15 - 20154 Milano  The Great Hall formed part of the lower levels of the market. Trajan's Market is a barrel vault and market hall that was built from 100 until 112. Apollodorus of Damascus. ______________________________________________________________, Caementicium              15                2.000.000                   0.15" Mercatus Traiani. The Great Hall of the Trajan's Markets in Rome is the oldest surviving example of a cross vaulted structure built entirely in Roman pozzolanic concrete (opus caementicium.) Evaluating the opportunity to “improve” the seismic behaviour of an historical building, it is important to study its global structural behaviour, but it is also necessary to check if each structural element may compromise, with localized failures, the structure as a whole. This fact is due to the weakness of its supports: the weak structural behaviour of the Southern building, in case of transversal actions, and the weak behaviour of the pillars at the “matronei” level, in case of longitudinal actions. Among them, the northern one appears more sound as it is less high and transversally thicker. Cocciopesto Mortar     18                   200.000                  0.20", ______________________________________________________________. The numerical model, which simulate the reinforcements through stiffening boundary elements along the two longer side of the Great Vault, show a clear improvement in the Vault structural behaviour. The Trajan Markets Great Hall shows a high sensibility to seismic actions. Trajan's Market Wheelchair Rome Accessible Tours. Trajan’s market reconstruction. In this way, avoiding stresses concentrations, they are not present alterations of the original structural conception. It is important to notice that the present masonry structural configuration is due to the restoration works carried out in the twenties and thirties of the last century, when they were demolished all the not original roman masonries added along the centuries and especially in the XVI century. Trajan's Market is an ancient Roman site we've enjoyed for years - mainly from the outside looking in - easy enough from via dei Fori Imperiale. 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